IntroductionPathological myopia, also known as malignant, degenerative or progressive myopia, is a condition defined by refractive error in excess of -6.00D with an axial length greater than 26mm. In addition, the disease is characterized by “degenerative and progressive” changes involving a physical stretching of the sclera, choroid and retina. Progressive myopia, in simpler words is a refractive error that happens when the eye focuses incoming light in front of the retina, rather than directly on it, resulting in blurred distance vision. While an exact cause of progressive myopia is not known, most research indicates that a combination of environmental and genetic factors trigger the condition. First of all, there is evidence that a family history of near-sightedness is a contributing factor. Additionally, spending a lot of time indoors may play a role in myopia development, as studies show that children who spend more time outside have less incidence of myopia. Lastly, near point stress, which can be caused from looking at a near object for an extended period of time, can prompt the eye to grow longer and result in myopia. The prevalence of progressive myopia varies greatly throughout the world. It ranges from 1.7% to 3.3%. In certain population, the prevalence rate is very high and in some, women tend to be affected more often. Signs & symptoms Near-sightedness (progressive) Blurred vision, Hazy vision, Halos around lights, Increased glare Reduced vibrancy of colours.
Causes Genetic predisposition is present in most of the cases, and elongation of the globe begins in early childhood. The precise etiopathogenesis of this disease is still unclear. Progressive myopia often accompanies systemic disorders such as Marfan’s syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and albinism. It is widely found in kids who were born as premature babies.
Pathophysiology Early research papers suggested such things as squinting secondary to under-corrected refractive error and systemic calcium deficiency. More recent theories suggest that neurochemical processes trigger a signal cascade based on a visual feedback mechanism, which induces choroidal and scleral remodelling. Changes in the sclera’s extracellular matrix result in decreased durability, with excessive susceptibility to stretching. This may reflect systemic disorders of connective tissue metabolism. Some researches on the residual deformative changes developed as a result of sclera distraction during reading show some hint to the development of progressive myopia. The reason why the sclera capsule distraction during reading regime is that of the extraocular muscles and growth of the intraocular pressure influence the process. Because the sclera is fibrotic membrane, it is characterized with well-marked elasticity, stronger accommodation and the sigh load in the near distance causes sclera capsule distraction. After the contraction the residual deformation stays there. Accumulation of such residual deformations causes the sclera weakness and formation of myopia as a disease. Improvement of the sclera nutrition will slacken the residual changes in sclera, and this will significantly decrease the myopic disease advancing. Diagnosis
Ophthalmoscopic examination of the posterior pole shows: myopic crescent, posterior staphyloma, flat & obliquely inserted discs, and patchy choroidal atrophy. Extensive vitreous syneresis and posterior vitreous detachment are typical. Peripheral retinal degenerations are also common. Additional findings occur with some variability and may include lacquer cracks, subretinal neovascular membrane, Fuchs’ spot (subretinal neovascularization with overlying RPE hyperplasia), retinal breaks and retinal detachments. Treatments The management of progressive myopia is not easy. The earlier the treatment started, the better. When detected at an early age, most experts recommend full refractive correction. The systemically-administered adenosine receptor antagonist 7-methylxanthine was shown to help normalize the growth of myopic eyes in children between the ages of eight and 13. It is believed that 7-methylxanthine increases the content of collagen and proteoglycans in the sclera, as well as the diameter of collagen fibrils. Surgical intervention for progressive myopia is typically aimed at the specific pathological sequelae of the disease, such as subretinal neovascularization, peripheral retinal tears and retinal detachment. A prophylactic procedure known as scleroplasty (sometimes referred to as “scleral strengthening” or “scleral reinforcement”) is there but the results are highly variable and not always promising. Still, a recent study explains a chance for resurrecting scleroplasty, in a technique called posterior pole buckling. Patients with progressive myopia should be screened carefully and regularly (once or twice a year) for peripheral retinal degenerations, retinal breaks and detachments, and referred for treatment if needed. They should avoid dangerous or jarring activities such as contact sports, bungee jumping or high-thrill amusement park rides to prevent retinal damage. Also, there are treatments to slow or stop the timeline of progression of myopia like wearing glasses or specially designed contact lenses Prognosis Progressive myopia is usually a long term disease with bad prognosis. Early intervension can prevent progress and complications. Complications People with progressive myopia have more chance of developing: Retinal detachment due to elongation of the eye causes stretching and thinning of the retina.Macular degeneration due to retinal stretching and thinning.GlaucomaGreater risk of developing early cataract.Disease & Ayurveda Drishtigataroga – Timira when affects first and second layers and when the dosha is situated in the lower part, only near vision is possible Nidana Ushnabhitaptasya jalapravesaath – suddenly immersed into water after walking under sun/heat Agnisooryadi tejasam avalokanaath-looking at sun or lights or bright screen Swapna viparyaya-abnormal sleep habits Samrodana-prolonged weeping Kopa-anger Shoka-grief Abhighata-injury Dhoomanishevana-exposure to smoke including cigarettes Madyapana-alcohol abuse Katu-amla-pittakara aahara- pungent, sour and Pitta vitiating food habits Purvaaroopa Avyaktadarsanam-Hazy vision Samprapti Due to causative factors, especially habits bad for eyes, vitiated doshas, predominantly Pitta go upwards through Sira’s(capillaries) to the head and then get lodged in the patalas of drishtimandala and produce timira. Lakshana As per the settling of the doshas in the lower part of eye, nearsightedness results The person sees eye floaters like flies, mosquitoes, hairs, net, circles, flags, mirage, different movements of stars, rain from the sky and darkness. Not able to see the hole in a needle Divisions Vaatika Paittika Kaphaja Raktaja Samsargaja Sannipataja Prognosis Sadhyam only when affected on the first patala & without discolouraion Kricchrasadhyam when affected second patala Yaapyam when affected third patala Chikithsa Samana Lepa Seka Anjana Sodhana Snehana Raktamokshana Virechana Nasya Murdhabasti Asthapanavasti Anuvasanavasti Commonly used medicines Thriphalachoornam Vimalavarti Brands available AVS Kottakal AVP Coimbatore SNA oushadhasala Vaidyaratnam oushadhasala Home remedies Consuming natural and healthy balanced diet rich in Vitamin A,Vitamin C, omega 3 fatty acids etc. External application of rose water Intake of carrots. Amla, etc. Intake of Triphala choorna Intake of licorice(Yashtimadhu) powder Diet
Any hard item, tough to bite or chew. Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion. Junk foods- cause a disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine Carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion Refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening Agni (digestive fire) Milk and milk products – increase Kapha and cause respiratory problems Curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
Light meals and easily digestible foods Green gram, soups, honey, fruits and vegetables, cow’s ghee. Freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain, etc Behavior: Protect yourself from too much heat or cold. Avoid head bath and tongue scraping. Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight, wind, rain, or dust. Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule. Avoid stress. Avoid holding or forcing urges like urine, faeces, cough, sneeze, etc. Avoid sleeping late night and day sleep. Yoga
Yoga can maintain harmony within the body and with the surrounding system. Nadisudhi pranayama Suryanamaskara Bhujangasana Simple exercises for lungs and heart health All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only. Research articles https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25306595/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25802445/
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Licensed Ayurvedic doctor focused on providing individual Ayurvedic consultation services. Specialized in work related stress, Womens’ issues, diabetes, Pecos, arthritis, male and female sexual problems and infertility. Interested in academic work as well. Now working with www.ayurvedaforall.com as senior consultant, Ayurveda.
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IntroductionMuscle weakness is a lack of strength in the muscles. They may not contract or move as easily as before. Some chronic medical conditions can cause the muscles to wear out more quickly or cause a person to feel fatigued. In other cases, an infection may cause the muscles to falter. If a person has a sudden, severe onset of muscle weakness, it is an alarming sign of a medical condition. Neurological conditions are often progressive, which means that they get worse over time. Some of these conditions also go through stages of remission, when symptoms lessen or even disappear, before flaring up again. Signs & symptoms Weakness of the affected area or whole body Aches and pain may be associated with weakness of muscles. Inability to do activities Restricted movements Heaviness Swelling Causes Many health conditions can cause muscle weakness. Examples include:
Other conditions that may cause muscle weakness include:
Infections, such as: Influenza Lyme disease Epstein Barr virus Polio Syphilis Rabies AIDS Meningitis West Nile virus Botulism, a rare and serious illness caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, can also lead to muscle weakness. Rare causes of muscle weakness include:
Examples of medications that can cause muscle weakness include:
Some illicit drugs, such as cocaine, can also cause muscle weakness. Pathophysiology Muscle weakness happens when a person’s voluntary and complete effort doesn’t produce a normal muscle contraction or movement. It’s sometimes called:
Short-term muscle weakness happens to nearly everyone at some point. It can be as simple as a hint that the person has to take rest. After a workout, for instance, the muscles may need to recover with rest. If the muscle weakness is persistent, or if it develops with no apparent cause or normal explanation, it may be a sign of an underlying health condition. Voluntary muscle contractions are usually generated when the brain sends a signal through the spinal cord and nerves to a muscle. If the brain, nervous system, muscles, or the connections between them are injured or affected by disease, the muscles may not contract normally. This can produce muscle weakness. Voluntary movement is initiated in the cerebral motor cortex, at the posterior aspect of the frontal lobe. The neurons involved (upper motor or corticospinal tract neurons) synapse with neurons in the spinal cord (lower motor neurons). Lower motor neurons transmit impulses to the neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction. Common mechanisms of weakness thus include dysfunction of
The location of certain lesions correlates with physical findings:
Diagnosis Detailed case history including family history Physical examination including
If needed, more tests will be done, such as:
Treatments Treatment of muscle weakness depends upon the cause of it as well as the severity of symptoms. There are many options for treatment of muscle weakness including: Physical therapyProgressive resistive exercise to help MS patients to strengthen weak muscles. Stretching and range of motion exercises to prevent muscle stiffness. Occupational therapy Occupational therapy can be especially helpful during the rehabilitation after stroke. This includes exercises to address weakness in one side of the body and help with motor skills. OT can help patients to strengthen each part of the body. OT includes devices and tools to help with day-to-day activities. MedicationAnalgesics, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can help manage pain associated with conditions such as:
Thyroid hormone replacement is used to treat hypothyroidism. Dietary changesIt is needed in electrolyte imbalances. Supplements like iron, calcium or magnesium oxide will be advised based on the blood test reports.SurgerySurgery may be used to treat certain conditions, such as a disc herniation. Prognosis Short term muscle weakness without any underlying disease usually shows excellent prognosis. But chronic disease conditions need long term treatment and the prognosis is not so good. In most cases, it is only possible to arrest progress but not to reverse the damage happened. Complications
Disease & Ayurveda Peseedourballyam Nidana Causative factors for the vitiation of Vaata and Kapha Kshata-injury Purvaaroopa Not mentioned Samprapti Due to various reasons, the vitiated Kaphadosha gets lodged inn raktadhatu, mamsaddhatu and medodhatu which are very closely related and the circulation of Vaatadosha and bodyfluids are affected. Due to defective circulation and nervous supply, vitiated Kapha and Vaata doshas when get lodged in muscles, develop weakness, heaviness & pain of the muscles and restricts the body movements and locomotor functions. Lakshana Weakness of muscles Heaviness of muscles Pain & tenderness in the affected area Inability to move and limited locomotor functions Divisions Not mentioned Prognosis Sadhyam in new and without associated diseases Yaapyam in chronic and complicated conditions Chikithsa Samana Lepanam with Rookshana dravyas Swedanam Mardanam (in completely vaatika) Udwartanam After the blockage of channels are removed by Rookshana&langhana, application of oils and nourishing therapies should be done. Sodhana Abhyangam Swedanam Virechanam Asthapanavasti Anuvasanavasti Commonly used medicines Maharasnadi kashayam Yogarajaguggulu Shaddharanam choornam Brands available AVS Kottakal AVP Coimbatore SNA oushadhasala Vaidyaratnam oushadhasala Home remedies Measures that may provide relief from muscle weakness include:
Diet
Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion. Junk foods- cause disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine Carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion Refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening Agni (digestive fire) Milk and milk products – increase kapha, cause obstruction in channels and obesity Curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
Light meals and easily digestible foods Green gram, soups, sesame oil, Ragi, Flax seeds Freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain etc Behaviour: Protect yourself from cold climate. Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight wind rain or dust. Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule. Avoid holding or forcing the urges like urine, faeces, cough, sneeze etc. Avoid sedentary lifestyle. Yoga Regular stretching and mild cardio exercises are advised according to the strength of the patient. Also, specific yogacharya including naadisuddhi pranayama, bhujangaasana, pavanamuktasana is recommended. Regular exercise helps improve bioavailability of the medicine and food ingested and leads to positive health. Yoga can maintain harmony within the body and with the surrounding system. Pavanamuktasana Nadisudhi pranayama Bhujangasana Simple exercises for lungs and heart health All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only. Research articles https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31939642/
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Licensed Ayurvedic doctor focused on providing individual Ayurvedic consultation services. Specialized in work related stress, Womens’ issues, diabetes, Pecos, arthritis, male and female sexual problems and infertility. Interested in academic work as well. Now working with www.ayurvedaforall.com as senior consultant, Ayurveda.
The post Muscle weakness- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama appeared first on Ayurvedaforall UK Blog. Via https://www.ayurvedaforall.co.uk/blog/muscle-weakness-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/ IntroductionMumps is a viral infection that primarily affects saliva-producing (salivary) glands that are located near the ears. Mumps can cause swelling in one or both of these glands. Mumps was very common until mumps vaccination became routine. Since then, the number of cases has dropped dramatically. However, mumps outbreaks still occur, and the number of cases has crept up in recent years. These outbreaks generally affect people who aren’t vaccinated, and occur in close-contact settings such as schools or college campuses. Complications of mumps, such as hearing loss, are potentially serious but rare. There’s no specific treatment for mumps. Signs & symptoms There may be mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. When signs and symptoms do develop, they usually appear about two to three weeks after exposure to the virus. The primary sign of mumps is swollen salivary glands that cause the cheeks to puff out. Other signs and symptoms may include:
Mumps is highly contagious for about nine days after symptoms appear. Causes Mumps is caused by a virus called a paramyxovirus, from Rubulavirus genus, that spreads easily from person to person through infected saliva. It can be spread by breathing in saliva droplets from an infected person who has just sneezed or coughed. It can also be contracted from sharing utensils or cups with someone who has mumps. Pathophysiology Mumps is caused by a virus called a paramyxovirus, from Rubulavirus genus. It is transmitted by droplet spread or by direct contact. The primary site of viral replication of the epithelium of the upper respiratory or the GI tract or eye. The virus quickly spreads to the local lymphoid tissue and a primary viraemia ensues, whereby the virus spreads to distant sites in the body. The parotid gland is usually involved but so may the CNS, testis or epididymis, pancreas and ovary. A few days after the onset of illness, virus can again be isolated from the blood, indicating that virus multiplication in target organs leads to a secondary viraemia Parotitis is the most frequent presentation, occurring in 95% of those with clinical symptoms. Occasionally, meningitis may precede parotitis by a week. Virus is excreted in the urine in infectious form during the 2 weeks following the onset of clinical illness. It is not known whether virus actually multiplies in renal tissues or whether the virus is of haematogenous origin. Life-long immunity is the rule after natural infection, but reinfections can occur. Diagnosis During mumps infection, several non-specific findings may be present in the blood. The WBC may be low with lymphocytes predominating. ESR and CRP may be normal or slightly elevated. Amylase levels may be elevated.
Treatments Uncomplicated parotitis does not need any treatment. Some doctors suggest a short course of corticosteroids in severe cases. No specific treatment is available for mumps. There is only prevention with vaccination. The mumps vaccine is usually given as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) inoculation. Prognosis
Most children recover fully from a mumps infection within a few weeks. When mumps occurs among adults, the illness is more likely to be severe. Complications Complications of mumps are rare, but when occurred, can be fatal. Most of them involve inflammation and swelling in some part of the body, such as:
Other complications of mumps include:
Disease & Ayurveda Pashanagardabha Nidana Not separately mentioned but causative factors for the vitiation of kapha and vaata Purvaaroopa Not mentioned Samprapti Due to the causative factors, Kapha and Vaata gets vitiated and get lodged in the hanusandhi(near jaw), there forms a hard swelling with mild pain or without pain. Lakshana A hard swelling near the jaw bone with mild pain or without pain. Divisions Not mentioned Prognosis Sadhyam Chikithsa Samana Lepanam with Rookshana dravyas like rasnadi choorna Kabalagraha/gandoosha with thriphalakwatha Swedanam with rookshadhooma(haridra,daruharidra,guggulu etc.) Sodhana Panchakarma procedures are not done in the infectious condition. It is done only after the fever is subsided and swelling is lessened. Vamana Virechana Nasya Commonly used medicines Guggulupanchapalachoornam Tablet Kanchanaraguggulu Dasamoolakadutrayam kashayam Rasnadi choornam Brands available AVS Kottakal AVP Coimbatore SNA oushadhasala Vaidyaratnam oushadhasala Home remedies Liquid warm diet Applying turmeric paste Lose excess weight and shred off the excess fat Avoid intake of fat in food Take enough omega 3 fatty acids Diet
Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion. Junk foods- cause disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine Carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion Refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening Agni (digestive fire) Milk and milk products – increase kapha, cause obstruction in channels and obesity Curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
Warm liquids, soups Light meals and easily digestible foods Green gram, barley, gooseberry, honey Freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain etc Behaviour: Protect yourself from cold climate. Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight wind rain or dust. Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule. Avoid holding or forcing the urges like urine, faeces, cough, sneeze etc. Avoid sedentary lifestyle. Yoga Complete rest is advised during fever and swelling. After the acute inflammatory stage, regular stretching and mild cardio exercises are advised. Also, specific yogacharya including naadisuddhi pranayama, bhujangaasana, pavanamuktasana is recommended. Regular exercise helps improve bioavailability of the medicine and food ingested and leads to positive health. Yoga can maintain harmony within the body and with the surrounding system. Pavanamuktasana Nadisudhi pranayama Bhujangasana Simple exercises for lungs and heart health All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only. Research articles
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268314/
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Licensed Ayurvedic doctor focused on providing individual Ayurvedic consultation services. Specialized in work related stress, Womens’ issues, diabetes, Pecos, arthritis, male and female sexual problems and infertility. Interested in academic work as well. Now working with www.ayurvedaforall.com as senior consultant, Ayurveda.
The post Mumps- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama appeared first on Ayurvedaforall UK Blog. Via https://www.ayurvedaforall.co.uk/blog/mumps-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/ IntroductionMucus in the body is natural and a very important part of how the body works. Tissues produce mucus to line and protect very important body parts including the mouth, nose, sinuses, throat, lungs, and gut. Most times, mucus is clear and thin. However, illness, diet, or environmental factors can sometimes increase mucus consistency. Mucus can even change in colour in some diseases like in a chronic sinus infection. They may notice when the mucus in a tissue after blowing their nose is a greenish colour. The content of the stool is also an indicator of health or the disease. Mucus present in stools can be a sign of a serious underlying condition. Signs & symptoms Presence of mucus in the stool Associated signs & symptoms depend upon the underlying cause. Gastric symptoms that may be present with mucus in stool include: Abdominal cramps or pain Distension of abdomen Bloating or belching Foul or abnormal smell of stools Changes in colour & consistency of stools Diarrhoea Faecal incontinence or urgency Gas trouble Nausea Vomiting Painful defaecation Causes Dehydration and constipation can cause mucus from the colon to leave the body. This gives the stool the appearance of increased mucus. When stool has visible mucus, it can be a sign of:
· Crohn’s diseaseDiet related causes – Food allergies such as those associated with nuts, lactose, or gluten, can cause mucus in the stool.Pathophysiology Diarrhoea is the reversal of the normal net absorptive status of water and electrolyte absorption to secretion. Such a derangement can be seen as either osmolar or secretory pathophysiology.
Mucus present in the stool mostly show the secretory type of diarrhoea. In the typical active secretory state, enhanced anion secretion (mostly by the crypt cell compartment) is best exemplified by enterotoxin-induced diarrhoea. In secretory diarrhoea, the epithelial cells’ ion transport processes are turned into a state of active secretion. The most common cause of acute-onset secretory diarrhoea is a bacterial infection of the gut. Several mechanisms may be at work. After colonization, enteric pathogens may adhere to or invade the epithelium; they may produce enterotoxins (exotoxins that elicit secretion by increasing an intracellular second messenger) or cytotoxins. They may also trigger release of cytokines attracting inflammatory cells, which, in turn, contribute to the activated secretion by inducing the release of agents such as prostaglandins or platelet-activating factor. Features of secretory diarrhoea include a high purging rate, a lack of response to fasting, and a normal stool ion gap (ie, 100 mOsm/kg or less), indicating that nutrient absorption is intact Diagnosis Medical history Physical examination Stool examination Anorectal examination Proctoscopy Endoscopy Colonoscopy Ultrasound CT scan Treatments Treatment aims on relieving the cause behind the symptom. Underlying diseases, if present should be addressed and managed well along with symptomatic management. Diet changes Intake of light & easy to digest food items, Taking enough liquids, Having needed ratio of fibre-protein-carbohydrate in diet, Avoiding irritating foods & foods that causing allergy Medications like metronidazole, antibiotics etc. Prognosis Depending upon the underlying disease, it can be good bad or very poor. Complications Depend highly upon the disease-causing pathology. Probable complications are: Anaemia Obstruction, infarction or perforation of the bowel Metastasis of carcinoma Spread of infection Dehydration and malnourishment Electrolyte imbalance Disease & Ayurveda Atisaara-Kaphaja Nidana Excess water intake Intake of dry meat & meat of emaciated animal Food which is not habitual or suitable to body Sesame (dry, grinded and oil removed) Sprouts Alcohol Dry food intake Excess food intake Haemorrhoids Faulty routine during ghee intake (as a treatment) Intestinal parasites Suppression of natural urges Purvaaroopa Pricking pain in chest, rectum and abdomen Weakness of body Constipation Distended abdomen Indigestion Samprapti Due to the causative factors, Vaata dosha vitiates and brings the water content in the body into the koshtha and expels through anus. With this excess water in koshtha, reduces the Agni (digestive fire), damages the gastrointestinal tract along with faecal matter and causes loose stools. It makes the stool watery and the disease diarrhoea gets manifested especially in people who eat unwholesome diet. Lakshana Vaathika Watery, more frequent stools with obstruction Defaecation with pain & abnormal sounds Dry, frothy/clear or hardened stools Resembles over-cooked jaggery Sticky stools passed with severe tearing pain Dryness of mouth Rectal prolapse Horripilation Groaning Paittika Yellow, black, green like grass, With blood Foul smelling, Excess thirst Fainting/giddiness Excess sweating Burning sensation Abdominal pain Heat and inflammation of rectum & anus Kaphaja Heavy, sticky, with thread-like structures, white in colour, oily & sticky, faeces with particles of undigested food Irregular & interrupted flow containing only a little faecal matter in one vega with mucous &foul smell, With flatulence Pain Excess sleep Lazy Aversion to food Horripilation Feeling that not completely voided faeces after defaecation Sannipatajam All three doshalakshanas are present Bhayajam and Shokajam (Resembles Vaata-Pitta akshanas) Very hot and liquified stools Very light & floating Divisions 6 types
2 types Saamam – with indigestion Niraamam – without indigestion 2 types Saraktam – with bleeding Araktam – without bleeding Prognosis Kricchrasadhya in healthy individuals without any complications & dhatudushti. Asaadhya in children, old persons and with complications. Chikithsa Ayurveda treatment for atisaara includes fasting as an important method. Samana Langhana – fasting Upekshaa – Leaving the body to expel out the excess doshas by atisaara Aamapachana Agnideepana Sodhana Vamana – In atisaara with severe abdominal pain & distension Snehavasti Kashayavasti-Picchavasti Commonly used medicines Vilwadi gulika Takrarishta Churna Kutajarishtam Pippallyasavam Dadimashtakachoornam
Brands available AVS Kottakal AVP Coimbatore SNA Oushadhasala Home remedies Taking Oral Rehydration Therapy: Mix one glass of boiled water with one teaspoon of sugar & one pinch of salt. Take it sip by sip for 3-4 hours. This is the simplest method of rehydration which can be done at home. Moderate fasting on solid foods till feeling better & hungry. Fenugreek seeds boiled in water for drinking Carminatives like cumin seeds help correct the indigestion Buttermilk boiled with turmeric, curry leaves, ginger, etc. Diet
Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion. junk foods- cause disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening agni (digestive fire) curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
Drink only boiled water Light meals and easily digestible foods Green gram, soups, buttermilk boiled with turmeric, ginger and curry leaves freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain etc Behaviour: Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight wind rain or dust. Avoid lifting heavy weights and other vigorous physical activities. Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule. Avoid sitting continuously for a long time and avoid squatting. Yoga Complete bedrest is advised for a patient with loose stools. But after regaining normal health, following a daily exercise routine will help the person to improve digestion & health. Stretching exercises and specific yoga asanas like pavanamuktasana, vajrasana, bhujangasana etc are recommended. Regular exercise helps improve bioavailability of the medicine and food ingested and leads to positive health. Yoga can maintain harmony within and with surroundings. Pavanamuktasana Vajrasana Bhujangasana All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only. Research articles https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6562534/
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Licensed Ayurvedic doctor focused on providing individual Ayurvedic consultation services. Specialized in work related stress, Womens’ issues, diabetes, Pecos, arthritis, male and female sexual problems and infertility. Interested in academic work as well. Now working with www.ayurvedaforall.com as senior consultant, Ayurveda.
The post Mucus in stools- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama appeared first on Ayurvedaforall UK Blog. Via https://www.ayurvedaforall.co.uk/blog/mucus-stools-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/ IntroductionMotion sickness is a disorder which affects the happiness of a journey or a family trip. It is embarrassing for the person to think about the discomfort caused by him to others. Though there are no permanent cure for the condition, awareness and preventive measures can manage the situation well. Motion sickness as such is a sensation of wooziness. It usually occurs when traveling by car, boat, plane, or train. Body’s sensory organs send mixed messages to the brain, causing dizziness, light-headedness, or nausea. Even uncontrollable vomiting of yellow bitter fluid or undigested food can happen. Some people learn early in their lives that they’re prone to the condition. Signs & symptoms Motion sickness can take the person by surprise. He may feel fine one moment and then suddenly experience the symptoms and fall sick quickly. usually starts as a stomach upset, followed by a cold sweat and dizziness. A person with motion sickness may become pale or complain of a headache. Later signs and symptoms include
Causes Any form of travelling is the most common cause. It can be a journey by air, road or water. Sometimes, amusement rides and children’s playground equipment can induce motion sickness. Children between the ages of 2 and 12 are most likely to suffer from motion sickness. Pregnant women also have a higher likelihood of experiencing this kind of inner ear disturbance. Pathophysiology Motion sickness occurs when the brain can’t make sense of information sent from the eyes, ears and body. Lots of motion — in a car, airplane, boat, or even an amusement park ride — can make the person feel woozy, clammy or he may feel a stomach upset. Some people vomit. Being carsick, seasick or airsick is motion sickness. Brain receives signals from motion-sensing parts of the body, like eyes, inner ears, muscles and joints. When these parts send conflicting information, the brain doesn’t know whether the person is stationary or moving. The brain’s confused reaction makes the person feel sick. For example, when riding in a car:
Many actions can trigger motion sickness, such as:
Diagnosis Motion sickness doesn’t usually require a professional diagnosis because the illness only occurs during travel or other specific activities Treatments Several medications exist for the treatment of motion sickness, but only for symptomatic relief. Also, many induce sleepiness, so operating machinery or a vehicle isn’t permitted while taking these types of medications. Frequently prescribed motion sickness medications include hyoscine hydrobromide, commonly known as scopolamine. An over-the-counter motion sickness medication is dimenhydrinate, often marketed as Dramamine or Gravol. Most people who are susceptible to motion sickness are aware of the fact. Preventive measures Plan ahead when booking a trip. If traveling by air, ask for a window or wing seat. On trains, boats, or buses sit toward the front and try to avoid facing backward. On a ship, ask for a cabin at water level and close to the front or the middle of the vessel. Open a vent for a source of fresh air if possible, and avoid reading. Sitting at the front of a car or bus, or doing the driving yourself, often helps. Many people who experience motion sickness in a vehicle find that they don’t have the symptoms when they’re driving. It’s important to get plenty of rest the night before traveling and avoid drinking alcohol. Dehydration, headache, and anxiety all lead to poorer outcomes if you’re prone to motion sickness. Eat well so that your stomach is settled. Stay away from greasy or acidic foods before and during your travels. Have a home remedy on hand or try alternative therapies. Many experts say peppermint can help, as well as ginger and black horehound. Although their effectiveness hasn’t been proven by science, these options are available. For pilots, astronauts, or others who experience motion sickness regularly or as part of their profession, cognitive therapy and breathing exercises are possible solutions. These treatments also work for people who feel unwell when they even just think about traveling. Prognosis Motion sickness is more like a habit with a long-term prognosis. It is not common to get rid of the tendency for motion sickness, but the symptoms can be managed. Complications Disease & Ayurveda Signs and symptoms of motion sickness can be correlated with the condition explained in the classic texts as Amasayagatavaata or Vaata aggravated in stomach. Nidana Dhatukshaya-Degeneration or emaciation of body tissues Aavarana-Obstruction of channels Purvaaroopa Not mentioned Samprapti When due to either degeneration or obstruction, the movement of Vaata gets abnormal in the stomach, and produce the symptoms of disease. Lakshana Thrid – Excessive thirst Vamathu – Vomiting Swaasa – Breathing disorders Kaasa – Cough Vishoochika – Diarrhoea Kanthoparodham – Obstruction in throat Udgaram – Belching Vyadhis above naabhi – Diseases above navel Divisions Not mentioned Prognosis Sadhyam in new and uncomplicated Yaapyam in chronic cases with complications Chikithsa Samana Rooksha and laghu bhojana Vyadhivipareeta chikithsa Sodhana Vamana Peyadikrama Shaddharanachoorna in hot water After the Agni is in normal state, brumhana(nourishing therapies) for normalising Vaata should be done. Commonly used medicines Dhanwantaram gulika Laajapeya Brands available AVS Kottakal AVP Coimbatore SNA oushadhasala Vaidyaratnam oushadhasala Home remedies There is no proven home cure for motion sickness but some options can be taken to prevent the disorder and complications Sipping warm water with ginger, lime and a little sugar. Eat small meals and keep hydrated enough. Avoid reading while travelling Avoid fasting or anything that may trigger gas trouble or indigestion Smelling a lemon can be helpful Diet
Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion. Junk foods- cause disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine Carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion Refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening Agni (digestive fire) Milk and milk products – increase kapha, cause obstruction in channels and obesity Curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
Light meals and easily digestible foods Green gram, soups, honey Freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain etc Behaviour: Don’t read while travelling. Avoid using mobile or computer while travelling. Protect yourself from cold climate. Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight wind rain or dust. Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule. Avoid holding or forcing the urges like urine, faeces, cough, sneeze etc. Avoid sedentary lifestyle. Be active. Yoga Regular stretching and mild cardio exercises are advised. Also, specific yogacharya including naadisuddhi pranayama, bhujangaasana, pavanamuktasana is recommended. Regular exercise helps improve bioavailability of the medicine and food ingested and leads to positive health. Yoga can maintain harmony within the body and with the surrounding system. Pavanamuktasana Nadisudhi pranayama Bhujangasana Simple exercises for lungs and heart health All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only. Research articles https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6241144/
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Licensed Ayurvedic doctor focused on providing individual Ayurvedic consultation services. Specialized in work related stress, Womens’ issues, diabetes, Pecos, arthritis, male and female sexual problems and infertility. Interested in academic work as well. Now working with www.ayurvedaforall.com as senior consultant, Ayurveda.
The post Motion sickness- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama appeared first on Ayurvedaforall UK Blog. Via https://www.ayurvedaforall.co.uk/blog/motion-sickness-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/ Introductionmood disorder is a mental health class that health professionals use to broadly describe all types of depression and bipolar disorders. Children, teens, and adults can have mood disorders. However, children and teens don’t always have the same symptoms as adults. It’s harder to diagnose mood disorders in children because they aren’t always able to express how they feel. Therapy, antidepressants, and support and self-care can help treat mood disorders. Signs & symptoms These are the most common types of mood disorders:
Mood swings may accompany other psychological or cognitive symptoms including:
In mood disorders, these feelings are more intense than what a person may normally feel from time to time. It is also important if these feelings continue over time, or interfere with one’s interest in family, friends, community, or work. Any person who expresses thoughts of suicide should get medical help immediately. Mood swings may accompany symptoms related to other systems including:
In some cases, mood swings may be a symptom of a life-threatening condition that should be immediately evaluated in an emergency setting including:
Causes Mood swings can be associated with psychiatric conditions, substance abuse, medication side effects, or chronic medical conditions. They can be associated with conditions that can deprive the brain of nutrients and oxygen. Mood swings can also occur with hormonal changes. Mood swings may be caused by psychiatric conditions including:
Mood swings can have other causes including:
In some cases, mood swings may be a symptom of a serious or life-threatening condition that should be immediately evaluated in an emergency setting. These include:
Pathophysiology The exact pathophysiology of mood disorders is still not clear. The brain communicates with itself and the rest of the body by transmitting chemicals from one neuron, or nerve, to the other. And this regular, rapid-fire messaging plays a big role in how one person feels and functions each day. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters. There are many of them but the main ones are serotonin, acetyl choline, dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitter chemicals are classified into two basic categories: excitatory, meaning they stimulate brain activity, or inhibitory, meaning they have a more calming effect. Together, they form a balance of emotional and physiological functions. A range of neuropathological abnormalities have been reported in recent studies of primary mood disorder. They are mainly in the prefrontal cortex and are cytoarchitectural in nature. A loss of glia is the most notable finding, along with a reduced size and density of some neurones. There are also alterations described in the hippocampal formation and subcortical structures and concerning synaptic terminals and dendrites. Together, the changes are suggestive of a difference in the cellular composition and circuitry of these regions in mood disorder. More studies are needed to find the exact neurochemical pathway. Diagnosis Mood disorder is a real medical condition, diagnosed with- A complete medical history Psychiatric evaluation USG CT scan MRI Treatments Families play a vital supportive role in any treatment process. When correctly diagnosed and treated, people with mood disorders can live, stable, productive, healthy lives. Mood disorders can often be treated with success. Treatment may include:
Prognosis Most of the mood swings cases show positive outcome with proper counselling, medication and therapy but chance of recurrence is high. Complications Because mood swings can be due to serious diseases, failure to seek treatment can result in serious complications and permanent damage. Once the underlying cause is diagnosed and treated properly, many complications can be avoided. Important complications include:
Disease & Ayurveda Unmada (Vaatika) Nidana Intake of viruddha (contradictory to each other), dushta (rotten or toxic), and ashuchi (unhygienic) foods and drinks Insulting the gods, teachers and high-profile people in the society Fear Grief Sudden happiness Unwholesome diet and activities Purvaaroopa Not mentioned Samprapti The causative factors vitiate the doshas and affect the hrudaya(heart) which is the seat of intellect & feelings. In a person with abnormal emotional quotient and less tolerance level (heena satwabala) when the doshas reach the channels of emotional impulses (manovahasrotas) they afflict the mind and generate the signs and symptoms of unmada Lakshana Laughing, speaking, singing, dancing and abnormal movements of the body in inappropriate places and occasions. Loss of weight, emaciation, roughness and darkness of skin, Irregular, sudden and untimely changes in mood and affect Divisions Not mentioned Prognosis Yaapya Chikithsa Samana Aamapachanam Agnideepanam Rasayanam Brumhanam Sodhana Snehana-abhyanga, siropichu, sirovasti Swedana Vamanam Virechanam Nasyam Asthapanavasti Snehavasti Commonly used medicines Mridweekadi kashayam Drakshadi kashayam Brands available AVS Kottakal AVP Coimbatore SNA oushadhasala Vaidyaratnam oushadhasala Home remedies No home remedies are proven scientifically to cure mood swings. But relaxation techniques, meditation, yoga and pranayama can help the person to Improve the quality of life. Diet
Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion. Junk foods- cause disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine Carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion Refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening Agni (digestive fire) Curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
Light meals and easily digestible foods Green gram, soups, ghee Freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain etc Behaviour: Protect yourself from extreme hot & cold climates. Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight wind rain or dust. Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule. Avoid keeping awake late night. Avoid holding or forcing the urges like urine, faeces, cough, sneeze etc. Avoid sedentary lifestyle. Yoga Regular stretching and mild cardio exercises are advised. Also, specific yogacharya including naadisuddhi pranayama, bhujangaasana, pavanamuktasana is recommended. Regular exercise helps improve bioavailability of the medicine and food ingested and leads to positive health. Yoga can maintain harmony within the body and with the surrounding system. Pavanamuktasana Nadisudhi pranayama Bhujangasana Simple exercises for lungs and heart health All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only. Research articles https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2522333/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525098/ https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/125/7/1428/409306
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Licensed Ayurvedic doctor focused on providing individual Ayurvedic consultation services. Specialized in work related stress, Womens’ issues, diabetes, Pecos, arthritis, male and female sexual problems and infertility. Interested in academic work as well. Now working with www.ayurvedaforall.com as senior consultant, Ayurveda.
The post Mood swings- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama appeared first on Ayurvedaforall UK Blog. Via https://www.ayurvedaforall.co.uk/blog/mood-swings-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/ Introduction
The term mole (in reference to skin) describes a variety of skin imperfections. Many prefer the term beauty mark. The medical term for mole is melanocytic nevus. Moles may be tanned, brown, black, reddish brown, red, purple, or skin-coloured and perfectly flat or raised. Most moles are smaller than a pencil eraser (about 1/2 inch). Moles are skin coloured or red-brown-coloured macules, papules, or nodules composed of nests of melanocytes. Moles develop on nearly everybody, and are significant primarily because they can become dysplastic or malignant and need to be differentiated from melanoma A melanocytic nevus is composed of masses of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of the skin. However, there are a variety of similar skin lesions. These include seborrheic keratoses, skin tags, dermatofibromas, lentigines, and freckles. Certain moles become darker and more apparent with sun exposure and in pregnancy. Moles can occur anywhere on the skin, including the scalp, ears, eyelids, lips, palms, soles, genitals, and anal area. Moles occur in all races (Caucasian, Asian, African, and Indian) and skin colours. Even animals have moles. Moles may be present at birth or gradually appear later in the new born period. Many children continue to develop moles through the teenage years and into young adulthood. Moles tend to grow very slightly in proportion to normal body growth. Congenital moles are those present at birth and so must have been present during foetal development. Other moles may arise later due to factors that are not genetic but environmental, such as sun exposure. While many moles arise in the first years of life, the total number of moles typically peaks in the second or third decade of life to an average of 35. Most people do not develop new regular moles after the age of 30. Signs & symptoms The typical mole is a brown spot. But moles come in different colours, shapes and sizes:
This ABCDE guide can help you determine if a mole or a spot may indicate melanoma or other skin cancers:
Cancerous (malignant) moles vary greatly in appearance. Some may show all of the features listed above. Others may have only one or two. Causes The exact cause for development of moles is unknown. The genes from parents, along with the amount of sun exposure (especially during childhood) are major factors in determining number of moles. Skin with more sun exposure tends to have more moles. However, moles may also occur in sun-protected areas. Hormonal changes of adolescence and pregnancy may cause moles to become darker and larger The basic types of moles are as follows: Regular and symmetrical, Irregular or Atypical Cancerous. Regular moles are typically benign and harmless. Regular moles are usually symmetrical, have regular borders, uniform colour, and are about the size of a pencil eraser or smaller. Regular moles may be flat or raised. The presence of hair growing from a mole is unrelated to its chance to become cancerous. Irregular or atypical moles are usually asymmetrical, with irregular borders, multiple colours, and tend to be bigger than the size of a pencil eraser. Irregular moles are often flat or nearly flat. Having more than 20-25 irregular moles may increase the person’s overall risk of developing melanoma. The presence of a giant congenital mole greater than approximately 8-10 inches in size also may confer an increased risk of melanoma. Irregular moles signal the potential for developing melanomas over time. Irregular moles themselves rarely turn into melanoma or carcinoma. Cancerous moles called melanomas, are highly irregular and are often asymmetrical. Rarely, regular moles may evolve into a melanoma over time. It is important to watch all moles closely for change or atypical features. In those with greater than 50 moles or several abnormal moles, monthly skin self-examinations and at least annual full-body moles exam by a dermatologist are important in the early detection of abnormal moles and melanoma. Irregular moles can occur anywhere on the body but are most commonly located on sun-exposed skin, especially on the upper back and shoulders where people frequently get their most severe sunburns. The risk of melanoma is greater on chronically sun-exposed skin like the shoulders, upper back, head, and neck. Ears are a particularly common site of atypical moles because of the difficulty in applying sunscreen and frequent sun exposure. Women have increased risks of atypical moles, particularly on the lower leg and calf. Any new or changing irregular mole on a woman’s calf warrants immediate medical evaluation. Pathophysiology Melanin is a natural pigment that gives your skin its colour. It is produced in cells called melanocytes. Moles are caused when cells in the skin (melanocytes) grow in clusters or clumps. Melanocytes are distributed throughout your skin and produce melanin, the natural pigment that gives your skin its colour. Diagnosis
Because moles are extremely common and melanomas are uncommon, prophylactic removal is not justifiable. However, biopsy and histologic evaluation should be considered if moles have certain characteristics of concern (known as the ABCDEs of melanoma):
If a mole becomes painful or itchy or bleeds or ulcerates, biopsy can also be considered. The biopsy specimen must be deep enough for accurate microscopic diagnosis and should contain the entire lesion if possible, especially if the concern for cancer is strong. However, wide primary excision should not be the initial procedure, even for highly abnormal-appearing lesions. Many such lesions are not melanomas and, even with melanoma, the proper treatment margin and recommendation for lymph node sampling is determined based on histopathologic features. Excisional biopsy does not increase the likelihood of metastasis if the lesion is malignant, and it avoids extensive surgery for a benign lesion. Treatments Most moles don’t need treatment. If a mole is cancerous, a surgical procedure is needed to remove it. A mole that causes irritation while shaving etc can also be removed. Mole removal takes only a short time. The surgeon will numb the area around the mole and cut it out, along with a margin of healthy skin if necessary. The procedure may leave a permanent scar. If a mole has grown back, follow up is needed. PreventionThe following measures can help limit the development of moles and the main complication of moles — melanoma. Watch for changesBecome familiar with the location and pattern of your moles. Regularly examine your skin to look for changes that may signal melanoma. Do self-exams once a month, especially if you have a family history of melanoma. With the help of mirrors, do a head-to-toe check, including your scalp, palms and fingernails, armpits, chest, legs, and your feet, including the soles and the spaces between the toes. Also check your genital area and between your buttocks. Talk with your doctor about your risk factors for melanoma and whether you need a professional skin exam on a routine basis. Protect your skinTake measures to protect your skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, such as from the sun or tanning beds. UV radiation has been linked to increased melanoma risk. And children who haven’t been protected from sun exposure tend to develop more moles.
Prognosis Moles are chronic skin lesions with a poor prognosis and increased chance of recurrence. Complications Melanoma is the main complication of moles. Some people have a higher risk of their moles becoming cancerous and developing into melanoma. Factors that increase your risk of melanoma include:
Disease & Ayurveda Mashaka Nidana Not mentioned separately. Causative factors of kushtha can cause the same Purvaaroopa Not mentioned. Samprapti When the vitiated Vaata dosha gets lodged in skin, it causes hard/raised black, painless and chronic skin lesion resembling a mosquito. Lakshana A chronic black skin lesion which is painless, hard on touch, elevated or not, , and resembling a mosquito. Divisions Not mentioned Prognosis Krichhrasadhyam Chikithsa Samana Lepanam with Rookshana dravyas Sodhana Dahanam Then treatment of wound should be done Commonly used medicines Varanadi kashayam Brands available AVS Kottakal AVP Coimbatore SNA oushadhasala Vaidyaratnam oushadhasala Home remedies Applying turmeric paste Lose excess weight and shred off the excess fat Apple cider vinegar intake Avoid intake of fat in food Take enough omega 3 fatty acids Diet
Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion. Junk foods- cause disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine Carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion Refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening Agni (digestive fire) Milk and milk products – increase kapha, cause obstruction in channels and obesity Curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
Light meals and easily digestible foods Green gram, soups, honey Freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain etc Behaviour: Protect yourself from cold climate. Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight wind rain or dust. Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule. Avoid holding or forcing the urges like urine, faeces, cough, sneeze etc. Avoid sedentary lifestyle. Yoga Regular stretching and mild cardio exercises are advised. Also, specific yogacharya including naadisuddhi pranayama, bhujangaasana, pavanamuktasana is recommended. Regular exercise helps improve bioavailability of the medicine and food ingested and leads to positive health. Yoga can maintain harmony within the body and with the surrounding system. Pavanamuktasana Nadisudhi pranayama Bhujangasana Simple exercises for lungs and heart health All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only. Research articles
Author information
Licensed Ayurvedic doctor focused on providing individual Ayurvedic consultation services. Specialized in work related stress, Womens’ issues, diabetes, Pecos, arthritis, male and female sexual problems and infertility. Interested in academic work as well. Now working with www.ayurvedaforall.com as senior consultant, Ayurveda.
The post Moles- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama appeared first on Ayurvedaforall UK Blog. Via https://www.ayurvedaforall.co.uk/blog/moles-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/ IntroductionMeningitis is an acute inflammatory condition. It affects the three lining layers of brain and spinal cord called the meninges. They form the protective coat around the delicate and important structures of central nervous system. An infection, possibly viral or bacterial to these meninges can cause severe damage to the nervous system and can be fatal if not attended immediately. Though it can affect anyone despite gender, age or race, kids are more prone to development of meningitis. As many of the early signs can be very mild, negligible and confusing with other diseases, chances are high that they are neglected or wrongly diagnosed. The disease can get worse so fast that even death can happen if not proper treatment is not given as soon as possible. Signs & symptoms Signs and symptoms of meningitis can develop within hours or days and may include:
Symptoms of meningitis in infants In infants, meningitis symptoms may include:
Causes Meningitis almost always results from a bacterial or viral infection that begins somewhere else in your body, like ears, sinuses, or throat. Less common causes of meningitis include:
Meningitis can be classified according to the infection.
It’s an extremely serious illness and a medical emergency. It can be fatal and lead to brain damage if not managed quickly. Many strains of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis. The most common ones among them are: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) Listeria monocytogenes (in older people, pregnant women, or those with immune system problems) A bacterium called Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was a common cause of meningitis in babies and young children until the Hib vaccine became available for infants. There are also vaccines for Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Experts recommend that all children get them, as well as all adults who are at a higher risk for the disease. In many cases, bacterial meningitis starts when bacteria get into the bloodstream from the sinuses, ears or throat. The bacteria travel through the bloodstream to the brain. The bacteria that cause meningitis can spread when infected people cough or sneeze.
Viral meningitis is more common than the bacterial but less serious in most cases. A number of viruses can trigger the disease, including those which cause diarrhoea.
Fungal meningitis is much less common than the bacterial or viral forms. Healthy people rarely get it. People with a compromised immune system, are prone to such infection.
Parasitic meningitis is also rare. It’s caused by parasites that usually affect animals. Humans get it from eating animals like snails, slugs, snakes, fish, or poultry that are infected by parasites or their eggs. The risk is higher with raw or undercooked foods. This type of meningitis is not contagious.
Amoebic meningitis is a rare, usually fatal infection by a single-celled bug called Naegleria fowleri. This amoeba lives in soil or warm, fresh water, but not salt water. People typically get it from swimming in water where the amoeba lives, not drinking it. Amoebic meningitis isn’t contagious.
Non-infectious meningitis is caused by diseases like lupus or cancer, or after a head injury, brain surgery, or by taking certain medications. It isn’t contagious.
Chronic meningitis has similar symptoms as acute meningitis, but develops over a couple of weeks. It results from infections with a fungus or the mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis. These organisms get into the tissue and fluid surrounding your brain to cause meningitis. Pathophysiology Most cases of meningitis are caused by an infectious agent that has colonized or established a localized infection elsewhere in the host. Potential sites of colonization or infection include the skin, the nasopharynx, the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and the genitourinary tract. The organism invades the submucosa at these sites by circumventing host defences (e.g., physical barriers, local immunity, and phagocytes or macrophages). An infectious agent (i.e., a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can gain access to the CNS and cause meningeal disease via any of the 3 following major pathways:
Invasion of the bloodstream and subsequent seeding is the most common mode of spread for most agents. This pathway is characteristic of meningococcal, cryptococcal, syphilitic, and pneumococcal meningitis. Rarely, meningitis arises from invasion via septic thrombi or osteomyelitic erosion from infected contiguous structures. Meningeal seeding may also occur with a direct bacterial inoculate during trauma, neurosurgery, or instrumentation. Meningitis in the new-born may be transmitted vertically, involving pathogens that have colonized the maternal intestinal or genital tract, or horizontally, from nursery personnel or caregivers at home. Local extension from contiguous extracerebral infection (e.g., otitis media, mastoiditis, or sinusitis) is a common cause. Possible pathways for the migration of pathogens from the middle ear to the meninges include the following:
The brain is naturally protected from the body’s immune system by the barrier that the meninges create between the bloodstream and the brain. Normally, this protection is an advantage because the barrier prevents the immune system from attacking the brain. However, in meningitis, the blood-brain barrier can become disrupted; once bacteria or other organisms have found their way to the brain, they are somewhat isolated from the immune system and can spread. When the body tries to fight the infection, the problem can worsen; blood vessels become leaky and allow fluid, WBCs, and other infection-fighting particles to enter the meninges and brain. This process, in turn, causes brain swelling and can eventually result in decreasing blood flow to parts of the brain, worsening the symptoms of infection. Depending on the severity of bacterial meningitis, the inflammatory process may remain confined to the subarachnoid space. In less severe forms, the pial barrier is not penetrated, and the underlying parenchyma remains intact. However, in more severe forms of bacterial meningitis, the pial barrier is breached, and the underlying parenchyma is invaded by the inflammatory process. Thus, bacterial meningitis may lead to widespread cortical destruction, particularly when left untreated. Replicating bacteria, increasing numbers of inflammatory cells, cytokine-induced disruptions in membrane transport, and increased vascular and membrane permeability perpetuate the infectious process in bacterial meningitis. These processes account for the characteristic changes in CSF cell count, pH, lactate, protein, and glucose in patients with this disease. Exudates extend throughout the CSF, particularly to the basal cisterns, resulting in the following:
Intracranial pressure and cerebral fluidOne complication of meningitis is the development of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The pathophysiology of this complication is complex and may involve many proinflammatory molecules as well as mechanical elements. Interstitial oedema (secondary to obstruction of CSF flow, as in hydrocephalus), cytotoxic oedema (swelling of cellular elements of the brain through the release of toxic factors from the bacteria and neutrophils), and vasogenic oedema (increased blood brain barrier permeability) are all thought to play a role. Without medical intervention, the cycle of decreasing CSF, worsening cerebral oedema, and increasing ICP proceeds unchecked. Ongoing endothelial injury may result in vasospasm and thrombosis, further compromising CSF, and may lead to stenosis of large and small vessels. Systemic hypotension (septic shock) also may impair CSF, and the patient soon dies as a consequence of systemic complications or diffuse CNS ischemic injury. Cerebral oedemaThe increased CSF viscosity resulting from the influx of plasma components into the subarachnoid space and diminished venous outflow lead to interstitial oedema. The accumulation of the products of bacterial degradation, neutrophils, and other cellular activation leads to cytotoxic oedema. The ensuing cerebral oedema (i.e., vasogenic, cytotoxic, and interstitial) significantly contributes to intracranial hypertension and a consequent decrease in cerebral blood flow. Anaerobic metabolism ensues, which contributes to increased lactate concentration and hypoglycorrhachia. In addition, hypoglycorrhachia results from decreased glucose transport into the spinal fluid compartment. Eventually, if this uncontrolled process is not modulated by effective treatment, transient neuronal dysfunction or permanent neuronal injury results. Cytokines and secondary mediators in bacterial meningitisKey advances in understanding the pathophysiology of meningitis include insight into the pivotal roles of cytokines (e.g., tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] and interleukin [IL]-1), chemokines (IL-8), and other proinflammatory molecules in the pathogenesis of pleocytosis and neuronal damage during occurrences of bacterial meningitis. Increased CSF concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 are characteristic findings in patients with bacterial meningitis. Cytokine levels, including those of IL-6, TNF-α, and interferon gamma, have been found to be elevated in patients with aseptic meningitis. The proposed events involving these inflammation mediators in bacterial meningitis begin with the exposure of cells (e.g., endothelial cells, leukocytes, microglia, astrocytes, and meningeal macrophages) to bacterial products released during replication and death; this exposure incites the synthesis of cytokines and proinflammatory mediators. This process is likely initiated by the ligation of the bacterial components (e.g., peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide) to pattern-recognition receptors, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TNF-α and IL-1 are most prominent among the cytokines that mediate this inflammatory cascade. TNF-α is a glycoprotein derived from activated monocyte-macrophages, lymphocytes, astrocytes, and microglial cells. IL-1, previously known as endogenous pyrogen, is also produced primarily by activated mononuclear phagocytes and is responsible for the induction of fever during bacterial infections. Both IL-1 and TNF-α have been detected in the CSF of individuals with bacterial meningitis. In experimental models of meningitis, they appear early during the course of disease and have been detected within 30-45 minutes of intracisternal endotoxin inoculation. Many secondary mediators, such as IL-6, IL-8, nitric oxide, prostaglandins (e.g., prostaglandin E2 [PGE2]), and platelet activation factor (PAF), are presumed to amplify this inflammatory event, either synergistically or independently. IL-6 induces acute-phase reactants in response to bacterial infection. The chemokine IL-8 mediates neutrophil chemoattractant responses induced by TNF-α and IL-1. Nitric oxide is a free radical molecule that can induce cytotoxicity when produced in high amounts. PGE2, a product of cyclooxygenase (COX), appears to participate in the induction of increased blood-brain barrier permeability. PAF, with its myriad biologic activities, is believed to mediate the formation of thrombi and the activation of clotting factors within the vasculature. However, the precise roles of all these secondary mediators in meningeal inflammation remain unclear. The net result of the above processes is vascular endothelial injury and increased blood-brain barrier permeability, leading to the entry of many blood components into the subarachnoid space. In many cases, this contributes to vasogenic oedema and elevated CSF protein levels. In response to the cytokines and chemotactic molecules, neutrophils migrate from the bloodstream and penetrate the damaged blood-brain barrier, producing the profound neutrophilic pleocytosis characteristic of bacterial meningitis. Genetic predisposition to inflammatory responseThe inflammatory response and the release of proinflammatory mediators are critical to the recruitment of excess neutrophils to the subarachnoid space. These activated neutrophils release cytotoxic agents, including oxidants and metalloproteins that cause collateral damage to brain tissue. Pattern recognition receptors, of which TLR A4 (TLRA4) is the best studied, lead to increase in the myeloid differentiation 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway and excess production of proinflammatory mediators. At present, dexamethasone is used to decrease the effects of cellular toxicity by neutrophils after they are present. Researchers are actively seeking ways of inhibiting TLRA4 and other proinflammatory recognition receptors through genetically engineered suppressors. Bacterial seedingBacterial seeding of the meninges usually occurs through hematogenous spread. In patients without an identifiable source of infection, local tissue and bloodstream invasion by bacteria that have colonized the nasopharynx may be a common source. Many meningitis-causing bacteria are carried in the nose and throat, often asymptomatically. Most meningeal pathogens are transmitted through the respiratory route, including Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) and S pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Certain respiratory viruses are thought to enhance the entry of bacterial agents into the intravascular compartment, presumably by damaging mucosal defences. Once in the bloodstream, the infectious agent must escape immune surveillance (e.g., antibodies, complement-mediated bacterial killing, and neutrophil phagocytosis). Subsequently, hematogenous seeding into distant sites, including the CNS, occurs. The specific pathophysiologic mechanisms by which the infectious agents gain access to the subarachnoid space remain unclear. Once inside the CNS, the infectious agents likely survive because host defences (e.g., immunoglobulins, neutrophils, and complement components) appear to be limited in this body compartment. The presence and replication of infectious agents remain uncontrolled and incite the cascade of meningeal inflammation described above. Diagnosis Medical history Physical examination Blood tests to find bacteria CT or MRI scans of your head to find swelling or inflammation Spinal puncture or spinal biopsy Treatments Treatment depends on the type of meningitis Bacterial meningitis needs treatment with antibiotics from broad-spectrum to specific. Corticosteroids ease inflammation. Viral meningitis usually goes away on its own without treatment. Bed rest and hydrating fluids are usually advised. Discomforts are managed symptomatically. Antifungal medications can treat fungal meningitis.
Prognosis Prognosis of meningitis depends on the cause. Untreated bacterial meningitis has a very high death rate. Even with appropriate treatment, the death rate from bacterial meningitis is about 15-20%, with a higher death rate associated with increasing age. The type of bacteria makes a difference, with pneumococcal and Listeria meningitis associated with higher death rates than meningococcal meningitis. Patients who survive may be left with long term disabilities such as deafness, blindness, seizures, paralysis, impaired mental status and loss of limbs. Viral meningitis, on the other hand, is associated with a very good prognosis and generally leads to a full recovery.Many bacterial meningitis types are now preventable with vaccines, such as Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), meningococcus serogroups A, B, C, W135 and Y, and pneumococcus. Complications Meningitis can cause severe complications in adults and children, especially if not taken treatment immediately. Possible complications include:
Disease & Ayurveda Mastishkajwara & mastishkaavarana sotha Nidana Kapha-Pitta vitiating food and regimen Bhootabhishanga-external factors like germ infestation, infection etc. Krimi-parasites Purvaaroopa Not mentioned Samprapti Causative factors for the vitiation of Kapha and Pitta along with external factors like infection leads to infection and swelling of the mastishka aavarana. Infection manisfests as aagantu jwara. Both Kapha & Pitta along with Vaata develops severe doshadushti and gets lodged in the mastishka aavarana(meninges) and sushumna(spinal cord), leading to manifestation of symptoms. Lakshana Jwara-Fever Sirasoola- Headache Manyastambha-Stiffness of neck Gatrasadana- Fatigue Gatrakampa- Shivering of body Gatracheshta-Abnormal movements of body, like seizures Divisions Not mentioned Prognosis Yaapya Chikithsa Treatment of meningitis in Ayurveda comprises of both Jwarachikithsa and sothachikithsa. As it is mainly situated in head and neck areas, Kaphadosha is involved, when infection & fever develops, role of Pitta is eveident and as this disease affects the central nervous system, role of Vaata is obvious. As this disease involve the vitiation of all the three doshas, treatment is difficult. If not treated properly, the disease will develop into Paaka and cause fatal complications. Ayurvedic treatment for sotha(swelling) aims mainly normalising the vitiated Kapha causing the obstruction and threreby relieving the passage of Vaata. In inflammatory conditions (Paaka) and fever (Jwara) Pitta shold also be addressed at the same time. Samana Mild langhana in the beginning for aamapachana Then agnideepana with medicines and Pathya diets Lepanam with Rookshana dravyas Swedanam Dhoopanam Sodhana After proper Aamapachana & agnideepana, virechana can be done if no fever is present. If cough & other signs of respiratory disorders are present, Vamana also will be needed. Snehana and swedana prior to each panchakarma procedure and the dietary restrictions after that should be done with precaution, checking all the indicated and contraindicated conditions in the patient. Commonly used medicines Varanadi kashayam Kanchanaraguggulu Rasnadi choornam Brands available AVS Kottakal AVP Coimbatore SNA oushadhasala Vaidyaratnam oushadhasala Home remedies No home remedy is scientifically proven to cure meningitis. But some traditional methods are found effective in some cases. Intake of a balanced healthy diet will keep the inflammations away. Intake of natural anti-microbial foods like Garlic Olives Cat’s claw Chlorella Turmeric Soybean milk Ginger etc. can help prevent the chance of infection. Diet
Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion. Junk foods- cause disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine Carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion Refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening Agni (digestive fire) Milk and milk products – increase kapha, cause obstruction in channels and obesity Curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
Light meals and easily digestible foods Green gram, soups, honey Freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain etc Behaviour: Protect yourself from cold climate. Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight wind rain or dust. Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule. Check for infections if any, and take appropriate treatment on time. Avoid holding or forcing the urges like urine, faeces, cough, sneeze etc. Avoid a sedentary lifestyle. Yoga Exercises are not recommended in severe infectious conditions. After regaining normal health, regular stretching and mild cardio exercises are advised. Also, specific yogacharya including naadisuddhi pranayama, bhujangaasana, pavanamuktasana is recommended. Regular exercise helps improve the bioavailability of the medicine and food ingested and leads to positive health. Yoga can maintain harmony within the body and with the surrounding system. Pavanamuktasana Nadisudhi pranayama Bhujangasana Simple exercises for lungs and heart health All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only. Research articles Author information
Licensed Ayurvedic doctor focused on providing individual Ayurvedic consultation services. Specialized in work related stress, Womens’ issues, diabetes, Pecos, arthritis, male and female sexual problems and infertility. Interested in academic work as well. Now working with www.ayurvedaforall.com as senior consultant, Ayurveda.
The post Meningitis appeared first on Ayurvedaforall UK Blog. Via https://www.ayurvedaforall.co.uk/blog/meningitis/ IntroductionMemory is humans’ greatest blessing and a curse. Even in normal living, people complain about their inability to forget bad happenings in life. Still, some of them complain about memory loss, especially from their mid-age. It can be as mild and unimportant as a rare forgetfulness but it can develop into disease conditions that affects their daily living. Memory disorders are disorders of the ability to reason, remember, make decisions and communicate. There are a wide variety of memory disorders, including dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, vascular cognitive impairment and hydrocephalus. Some types of memory disorders can appear suddenly, while others may be present years before symptoms become apparent. Amnesia refers to the loss of memories, such as facts, information and experiences. People with amnesia usually know who they are. But they may have trouble learning new information and forming new memories. In other words, a partial or total loss of memory is called Amnesia. It can be caused by damage to areas of the brain that are vital for memory processing. Unlike a temporary episode of memory loss (transient global amnesia), amnesia can be permanent. There’s no specific treatment for amnesia, but techniques for enhancing memory and psychological support can help people with amnesia and their families. Signs & symptoms The two main features of amnesia are:
Most people with amnesia have problems with short-term memory — they can’t retain new information. Recent memories are most likely to be lost, while more remote or deeply ingrained memories may be spared. Amnesia and dementia are different. Dementia often includes memory loss, but it also involves other significant cognitive problems that lead to a decline in daily functioning. Types of Memory Disorders with their signs and symptoms Dementia It is the name for a group of brain conditions in which the patient finds difficulty to remember, reason, and communicate. Dementia is a descriptive term rather than a diagnosis. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer disease. Other types include vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia. It is different from changes due to normal ageing. It’s caused by ongoing damage to cells in the brain. Symptoms differ depending on which parts of the brain are affected and the stage of the disease. The most common symptoms include: Memory loss, including trouble with directions and familiar tasks Language problems, such as trouble getting words out or understanding what is said Difficulty with planning, organizing, concentration, and judgment. This includes people not being able to recognize their own symptoms. Changes in behaviour and personality Dementia is a progressive disease or it gets worse over time. Symptoms differ for each person, but there are 3 basic stages. Each may last from months to years: In the early stage, a person may seem forgetful, confused, or have changes in behaviour. However, he or she may still be able to handle most tasks without help. In the middle stage, more and more help will be needed with daily tasks. A person may have trouble recognizing friends and family members, may start to wander, or get lost in familiar places. He or she may also become restless or moody. In the late stage, Alzheimer’s can cause severe problems with memory, judgment, and other skills. Help is needed with nearly every aspect of daily life. Alzheimer’s disease It is a condition usually affects older people but it can happen in late 40’s. Being the most common cause of dementia, it is the illness of brain that gets worse over time. Alzheimer’s disease causes a series of changes in brain cells. It makes some nerves to form clumps and tangles, and lose some of their connections to other nerves. Age is the most important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Other risk factors include heredity, diabetes, hypertension, traumatic brain injury and poor nutrition. The disease causes changes in behaviour and thinking known as dementia. The symptoms include: Memory loss Confusion Restlessness Personality and behaviour changes Problems with judgement Communication problems Inability to follow directions Lack of emotions As the disease progresses the patient may become completely dependant on others to ensure adequate nutrition and proper hygiene. Encephalitis Encephalitis is inflammation and swelling of the brain. This leads to changes in neurological function, resulting in mental confusion and seizures. Viruses cause most of the encephalitis cases. Many vaccines like measles, rubella, mumps etc. have lowered the rate of infection but many other viruses cause encephalitis including herpes simplex and rabies. Encephalitis can also occur due to bacteria, ticks (Lyme disease), mosquitoes (West Nile virus) and cats(toxoplasmosis). Along with problems of memory and coordination, a wide variety of other neurologic manifestations may occur. These include: Parkinsonism – slowness of movement, increased rigidity in the arms and/or legs, problems with walking Seizures Weakness or sensory changes affecting one side of the body Problems with speech, swallowing, or double vision. Loss of ability to perform learned motor movements Inattention to visual or sensory stimuli on one side of the body Tremor Headache Frontotemporal dementia Being another common cause of dementia, it is a group of disorders that occur when nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain are lost. This causes the lobes to shrink. FTD can affect behaviour, personality, language, and movement. These disorders are among the most common dementias that strike at younger ages. Symptoms typically start between the ages of 40 and 65, but FTD can strike young adults and those who are older. FTD affects men and women equally. The most common types of FTD are: Frontal variant. This form of FTD affects behaviour and personality. Primary progressive aphasia. Aphasia means difficulty communicating. This form has two subtypes: Progressive non-fluent aphasia, which affects the ability to speak. Semantic dementia, which affects the ability to use and understand language. A less common form of FTD affects movement, causing symptoms similar to Parkinson disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease). The cause of FTD is unknown. Researchers have linked certain subtypes of FTD to mutations on several genes. Some people with FTD have tiny structures, called Pick bodies, in their brain cells. Pick bodies contain an abnormal amount or type of protein.Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain may impact important functions. Common symptoms involve dramatic changes in behaviour and personality. These may include: An increased tendency to make socially inappropriate comments or actions Decreased empathy, or new difficulties understanding how one’s actions may impact others Difficulties with logical judgments or understanding the relationship between cause and effect Changes in sexual behaviours Aggressive behaviours or actions Decline in personal hygiene, toileting habits, etc. Severe mental rigidity Language abnormalities, such as being unable to express language, find words or understand the meaning of words Inattention, increased distractibility or a tendency to jump from one topic to another Difficulty initiating or completing tasks Significant changes in eating patterns In addition to cognitive impairments, neurologic symptoms may occur including: Parkinsonism: slowness of movement (bradykinesia), increased rigidity in the arms and/or legs, problems with walking (short stride length or a “shuffling” gait) Tremor Muscle spasms and/or rippling of the muscles underneath the skin Seizures Dementia with Lewy bodies It is a form of progressive dementia caused by degeneration of the tissues in the brain. DLB may be genetic, but it is not always clear why someone develops it. People with DLB have a build-up of abnormal protein particles in their brain tissue, called Lewy bodies. Lewy bodies are also found in the brain tissue of people with Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). However, in these conditions, the Lewy bodies are generally found in different parts of the brain. The presence of Lewy bodies in DLB, PD, and AD suggests a connection among these conditions. But scientists haven’t yet figured out what the connection is. DLB affects a person’s ability to think, reason, and process information. It can also affect movement, personality and memory. DLB becomes more prevalent with age. It often starts when a person is in his or her 60s and 70s. DLB is progressive, which means it continues to develop over time. There are several types of dementia with different causes. The main sign of DLB is a progressive decline in things like memory, thinking, and problem solving. This decline is enough to affect the ability to work and do normal daily activities. Although memory may be affected, it isn’t usually as impaired as in someone with Alzheimer disease. DLB is generally diagnosed when at least 2 of the following features are also present with dementia: Changes in attention and alertness. These changes may last for hours or days. Signs of these changes include staring into space, lethargy, drowsiness, and disorganized speech. Visual hallucinations. These hallucinations recur and are very detailed. They generally don’t bother the person having them. Other signs and symptoms seen in DLB include: Depression Sleep disorder that affects REM sleep, causing vivid dreams with body movement Dizziness, feeling lightheaded, fainting, or falling Urinary incontinence In DLB, memory problems often occur later in the disease. DLB can be confused with other forms of dementia, but it also has unique features, such as hallucinations and delirium. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) It is an intermediate state between normal thinking & memory (cognition) and dementia. Patients with mild cognitive impairment can have difficulty with memory, language, thinking and judgment that are greater than would be expected for their age. People with MCI may be at an increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s Disease. Patients with a family history of Alzheimer’s and dementia are at greater risk for developing MCI. Other risk factors include age, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes and hypothyroidism. Vascular cognitive impairment It is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer disease. It’s caused when decreased blood flow damages brain tissue. Blood flow to brain tissue may be reduced by a partial blockage or completely blocked by a blood clot. Symptoms of vascular dementia may develop gradually, or may become apparent after a stroke or major surgery, such as heart bypass surgery or abdominal surgery. Dementia and other related diseases and conditions are hard to tell apart because they share similar signs and symptoms. Although vascular dementia is caused by problems with blood flow to the brain, this blood flow problem can develop differently. Examples of vascular dementia include: Mixed dementia. This type occurs when symptoms of both vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s exist. Multi-infarct dementia. This occurs after repeated small, often “silent,” blockages affect blood flow to a certain part of the brain. The changes that occur after each blockage may not be apparent, but over time, the combined effect starts to cause symptoms of impairment. Multi-infarct dementia is also called vascular cognitive impairment. The effect of decreased or no blood flow on the brain depends on the size and location of the area affected. If a very small area in a part of the brain that controls memory is affected, for example, you may be “forgetful” but it doesn’t necessarily change your ability to carry on normal activities. If a larger area is affected, you may have trouble thinking clearly or solving problems, or greater memory problems that do change your ability to function normally. Vascular dementia is caused by a lack of blood flow to a part of the brain. Blood flow may be decreased or interrupted by: Blood clots Bleeding because of a ruptured blood vessel (such as from a stroke) Damage to a blood vessel from atherosclerosis, infection, high blood pressure, or other causes, such as an autoimmune disorder Symptoms of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) differ from the early symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Given the varied definitions of VCI, it is not surprising that clinical symptoms vary significantly in individual patients. The symptoms of vascular dementia depend on the location and amount of brain tissue involved. Vascular dementia symptoms may appear suddenly after a stroke, or gradually over time. Symptoms may get worse after another stroke, a heart attack, or major surgery. These are signs and symptoms of vascular dementia Increased trouble carrying out normal daily activities because of problems with concentration, communication, or inability to carry out instructions Memory problems, although short-term memory may not be affected Confusion, which may increase at night (known as “sundown syndrome”) Stroke symptoms, such as sudden weakness and trouble with speech Personality changes Mood changes, such as depression or irritability Stride changes when walking too fast, shuffling steps Problems with movement and/or balance Urinary problems, such as urgency or incontinence Tremors Causes Memory disorders can be caused by one or more factors, including:
Pathophysiology The neuropathological hallmarks of the atrophy process in Alzheimer’s Disease are the presence of senile plaques (amyloid deposits) and neurofibrillary tangles found in autopsied brains. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein located within neurons, whereas senile plaques are made up largely of amyloid-P species aggregating in the extracellular space. These neuropathological changes start in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formations, later spreading into other temporal, parietal, and finally frontal association cortices. The first lesions appear in poorly myelinated limbic neurons in system areas related to memory and learning, such as the hippocampus and the association cortex. Highly myelinated neurons are only affected in the final phases of the disease. Low myelinization increases the overall energy expenditure of neurons. In addition, subcortical neuron loss occurs in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and the locus ceruleus, impairing the cholinergic and noradrenergic transmitter systems in the neocortex. The parietal lobe, along with certain areas of the prefrontal lobe, is one of the last areas of the human brain to myelinate, and many of its neurons remain poorly myelinated for the entire lifespan, which may explain their vulnerability to factors capable of triggering Alzheimer’s disease. The atrophy runs slowly, but while in healthy aging only 0.2% to 0.41% of the brain volume vanishes per year, the rates in Alzheimer’s disease may be ten times that, and in especially vulnerable regions like the hippocampal formation atrophy rates might be even more devastatingly high. In terms of neuropsychological tests, regional atrophy, and glucose metabolism correlate well with test results. Left hippocampal Gray matter volume, for example, significantly correlates with performance in memory tasks, and left temporal Gray-matter volume is related to performance in language tasks. Diagnosis Proper diagnosis is the initial and important step. Many medical conditions that cause memory loss are treatable when identified early. It includes a thorough history taking, physical examination and asking some questions. Tests for proper diagnosis also include:
Treatments As the degeneration and damage to memory loss due to dementia/Alzheimer’s disease are irreversible in most of the cases, medications can only help improve the daily life quality of the patient. Mostly there are two types of medications used in dementia. Cholinesterase inhibitors and Memantine to treat the cognitive symptoms (memory loss, confusion, and problems with thinking and reasoning) of Alzheimer’s disease. Many of the medications cause side effects like nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, increased frequency of bowel movements, headache, constipation, confusion and dizziness. Therapies like cognitive behavioural therapy, meditation, yoga etc. can help in improving the quality of life. PreventionIt is important to minimize your chance of a brain injury/damage. For example:
Prognosis The overall outcome of memory disorders is not good. It is impossible to repair the damage already happened. But it may be controlled with medications and the progress can be slowed down. The memory loss may be for a short time and then resolve (transient). Or, it may not go away, and, depending on the cause, it can get worse over time. In severe cases, such memory impairment may interfere with daily living activities. Some cases of short-term memory loss are reversible with treatment. For example, memory loss from medications may resolve with a change in medication. Nutritional supplements can be useful against memory loss caused by a nutritional deficiency. Complications Amnesia causes problems in daily activities and quality of life. It affects the patient and the family. The syndrome can cause problems at work, at school and in social settings. There is increased chances of injury, accidents etc. Disease & Ayurveda Smritibhramsa Nidana Dhatukshaya (depletion of body tissues)-like in degeneration due to old age Margavarodha (obstruction in channels)-like in blocks in blood vessels Purvaaroopa Not mentioned Samprapti Due to the causative factors, Vaata dosha gets vitiated. Vaata, being the carrier of the other two doshas,Pitta & Kapha causes vitiation of them. All these vitiated doshas get lodged in manovahasrotas(Channels in brain) and develops the disease. Lakshana Smritibhramsa-loss of memory Divisions Not mentioned Prognosis Yaapya Chikithsa Samana Aamapachana Agnideepana Rasayana Brumhana Sodhana Snehanam Swedanam Mriduvirechanam Commonly used medicines Manasamitravatakam Aswagandharishtam Chyavanaprasam Braahmarasayanam Brands available AVS Kottakal AVP Coimbatore SNA oushadhasala Vaidyaratnam oushadhasala Home remedies No home remedies are proven to cure memory disorders. But supplements and well-balanced diet may be helpful. Diet
Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion. Junk foods- cause disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine Carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion Refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening Agni (digestive fire) Curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
Light meals and easily digestible foods Green gram, soups. Fresh fruits Freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain etc Behaviour: Avoid stress Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight wind rain or dust. Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule. Avoid holding or forcing the urges like urine, faeces, cough, sneeze etc. Avoid sedentary lifestyle. Yoga Regular stretching and mild cardio exercises are advised. Also, specific yogacharya including naadisuddhi pranayama, bhujangaasana, pavanamuktasana is recommended. Regular exercise helps improve bioavailability of the medicine and food ingested and leads to positive health. Yoga can maintain harmony within the body and with the surrounding system. Pavanamuktasana Nadisudhi pranayama Bhujangasana Simple exercises for lungs and heart health All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only. Research articles https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1002292/?page=2
Author information
Licensed Ayurvedic doctor focused on providing individual Ayurvedic consultation services. Specialized in work related stress, Womens’ issues, diabetes, Pecos, arthritis, male and female sexual problems and infertility. Interested in academic work as well. Now working with www.ayurvedaforall.com as senior consultant, Ayurveda.
The post Memory disorders- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama appeared first on Ayurvedaforall UK Blog. Via https://www.ayurvedaforall.co.uk/blog/memory-disorders-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/ IntroductionMastitis is the medical term to denote inflammation of the breasts. As sensitive and tender the organ is, such bad are the pain and sufferings caused to the patient by the inflammation of the same. It usually affects breastfeeding women in their twenties or older but rare cases are reported in teenagers with obesity, diabetes etc. Acute mastitis is caused by germs including bacteria that spread from outside environment. Clogged or blocked capillaries and tubules facilitate the inflammation along with redness, swelling, severe pain and tenderness. The pain can be so severe and sickening. Even wearing a dress over chest may be unbearable. Immediate intervention is needed in such cases to relieve pain and to prevent spread of infection. Signs & symptom Acute Signs and symptoms of mastitis include:
Causes Most common cause of mastitis is breastmilk trapped in the breast. Other conditions include:
Risk factors for mastitis include:
Pathophysiology While understanding the specialities of anatomy, each breast has a number of sections (lobules) that branch out from the nipple. Each lobule holds tiny, hollow sacs (alveoli). The lobules are linked by a network of thin tubes (ducts). If a woman is breast-feeding, ducts carry milk from the alveoli toward the dark area of skin in the centre of the breast (areola). From the areola, the ducts join together into larger ducts ending at the nipple. The term mastitis, as explained earlier, denotes an inflammation in the breast tissue or capillaries. It can happen in multiple ways like: In lactational mastitis, the source of infection is bacteria, mostly from the mouth of baby while feeding. They enter through cracks or fissures in the nipple surface. Once the primary defences are breached, organisms have an ideal culture environment in nutrient rich maternal milk leading to rapid cell division and growth. This can be augmented by milk stasis and overproduction leading to mastitis. In neonates, transient breast enlargement secondary to maternal hormones can make them vulnerable to mastitis. In duct ectasia, the mammary duct-associated inflammatory disease sequence involves squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts, causing blockage (obstructive mastopathy) with peri-ductal inflammation and possible duct rupture. Inflamed ducts are prone to bacterial infection. In tubercular mastitis, mycobacterium tuberculosis can enter the breast from a direct inoculation (via a nipple abrasion) or more commonly from secondary spread from a distal source such as lymphatic spread, miliary dissemination, or contiguous spread (e.g., empyema necessitans). Clinical presentation is usually of a solitary, ill-defined, unilateral hard lump situated in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Primary TB of the breast is rare. Necrotizing granulomas are the histopathological hallmark of TB infection. In granulomatous mastitis, granulomas are usually non-necrotizing, inflammation is focused around breast lobules that clinically may present as a painless mass. Diagnosis
Treatments
It is safe to continue breast-feeding if you have mastitis. Breast-feeding actually helps clear the infection. Weaning your baby abruptly is likely to worsen your signs and symptoms. Guidance to ensure proper and safe breastfeeding
Prognosis When treated promptly, most of breast infections heal quickly, without serious complications. Most women can continue to breastfeed despite an episode of uncomplicated mastitis. Complications Abscess formation and pus discharge Rarely carcinoma of breast Disease & Ayurveda Sthanaroga – sopha Nidana Stagnant milk Improper breastfeeding Food and regimen causing vitiation of doshas, especially kapha & Pitta Purvaaroopa Not mentioned Samprapti Due to causative factors vitiated doshas predominantly kapha causes swelling and obstruction of channels in breast. After that, when Pitta is associated Paaka (inflammation) happens. In the blocked channels, deviated Vaata causes pain and tenderness. These three doshas when vitiated, get lodged in the breast of lactating woman affects rakta&maamsa dhatu and lead to disease manifestation. Lakshana
Divisions Not mentioned. Prognosis Sadhyam in navam and Apaakai (new and without inflammation) Krischrasadhyam in puraanam and Paaki(chronic and inflammatory) Chikithsa Samana Lepanam with Rookshana dravyas Swedanam Vimlapanam Sodhana Paatanam Vidaaranam Then treatment of wound should be done Commonly used medicines Guggulupanchapalachoornam Kanchanaraguggulu Varasanadi kashayam Brands available AVS Kottakal AVP Coimbatore SNA oushadhasala Vaidyaratnam oushadhasala Home remedies Some home remedies help reduce the discomfort:
Diet
Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion. Junk foods- cause disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine Carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion Refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening Agni (digestive fire) Milk and milk products – increase kapha, cause obstruction in channels and obesity Curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
Light meals and easily digestible foods Green gram, soups, honey Freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain etc Behaviour: Protect yourself from very hot climate. Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight wind rain or dust. Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule. Avoid holding or forcing the urges like urine, faeces, cough, sneeze etc. Avoid sedentary lifestyle. Yoga Regular stretching and mild cardio exercises are advised. Also, specific yogacharya including naadisuddhi pranayama, bhujangaasana, pavanamuktasana is recommended. Regular exercise helps improve bioavailability of the medicine and food ingested and leads to positive health. Yoga can maintain harmony within the body and with the surrounding system. Pavanamuktasana Nadisudhi pranayama Bhujangasana Simple exercises for lungs and heart health All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only. Research articles
Author information
Licensed Ayurvedic doctor focused on providing individual Ayurvedic consultation services. Specialized in work related stress, Womens’ issues, diabetes, Pecos, arthritis, male and female sexual problems and infertility. Interested in academic work as well. Now working with www.ayurvedaforall.com as senior consultant, Ayurveda.
The post Mastitis- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama appeared first on Ayurvedaforall UK Blog. Via https://www.ayurvedaforall.co.uk/blog/mastitis-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/ |
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